None of the other answers worked for me. After doing a folder compare before/after vs my expected committed files, i discovered that GIT was ignoring a required folder. If you are tracking the compiler in a repository, make sure the BUILD folder is tracked. If it's not, the compiler won't ever be built and will throw this exact error after publish. I added this line to my .gitignore file:
!**/packages/Microsoft.CodeDom.Providers.DotNetCompilerPlatform.2.0.1/build/and now it's deploying to other computers properly.